Ivo England

Other Events and Attributes:

• Category: English Royalty - Plantagenet Line
• Fact 1: Acceded: 27 May 1199, Westminster Abbey, London, England.; Fact 1
• Fact 10: Legendary Evil "Prince John" In Robin Hood Story.; Fact 10
• Fact 11: King Of Ireland 1177, Count Of Mortain 1189, Earl Of Gloucester 29 Aug 1189.; Fact 11
• Fact 12: Able Administrator, Interested In Fine Points Of The Law.; Fact 12
• Fact 2: Interred: Worcester Cathedral. Died During The Barons War.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Reigned 1199-1216. Duke Of Normandy, Count Of Anjou.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: His Reign Saw Renewal Of War With Phillip II Augustus Of France.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: He Lost Several Continental Possessions Incl. Normandy In 1205.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: He Came Into Conflict With His Barons And Was Forced To Sign The Magna Carta.; Fact 6
• Fact 7: Signed Magna Carta In 1215 At Runnymede.; Fact 7
• Fact 8: Repudiation Of The Charter Led To The First Barons War 1215-17.; Fact 8
• Fact 9: Moody, Cruel & Sadistic, But Also Intelligent, Fair, Charitable To The Poor.; Fact 9
• Alt. Death: 19 Oct 1216, Newark Castle, Lincolnshire; Alt. Death

Notes:

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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

Acceded 1199-1216.

John and Magna Carta
John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others nor was trusted by them. Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms.
This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall be imprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.

The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the Sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the Sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people.

As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.
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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

[large-G675.FTW]

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

(Medical):Dark hair & coloring. Hazel (green/gold) eyes.

Died:
Fever, chills, exhaustion after crossing Wash of Lincoln & Norfolk.

John married Hawise De Tracy before 1186. Hawise was born in 1168 in England; and died. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Category: English Royalty - Plantagenet Line
• Fact 1: Reigned 25 Oct 1154-1189. Invested As Duke Of Nomandy By His Parents In 1150.; Fact 1
• Fact 10: Count Of Anjou & Aquitaine.; Fact 10
• Fact 2: Ruled An Empire That Stretched From The Tweed To The Pyrenees.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Numerous Quarrels With French King, & His Own Family.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: Quarreled With Thomas Becket.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: Beat Rebellious Barons (Culminating In The Great Revolt Of 1173-74).; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Retained Control Of His Possessions Until Shortly Before His Death.; Fact 6
• Fact 7: Important Judicial & Admin. Reforms Incr. Power Of King At The Expense Of Barons; Fact 7
• Fact 8: Introduced Trial By Jury.; Fact 8
• Fact 9: Also The 11Th Duke Of Normandy. Buried At Fontevrault, France.; Fact 9
• Name: Henry II Curtmantle King Of England
• Name: Henry II Plantagenet
• Acceded: 1154, Westminster Abbey, London, England

Notes:

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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p H178. 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 37-38. Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed to the Pyrenees. In spite of frequent hostitilties with the French King his own family and rebellious Barons (culminating in the great revolt of 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintained control over his possessions until shortly before his death. His judicial and administrative reforms which increased Royal control and influence at the expense of the Barons were of great constitutional importance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy. Henry II 'Curt Mantel,' Duke of Normandy, Count of Maine and Anjou, King Of England became king in 1154. At the height of his power, Henry ruled England and almost all western France. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most famous woman of the age, brought the duchy of Aquitaine under his control. Henry also claimed to rule Scotland, Wales, and eastern Ireland. Henry II carried on his grandfather's policy of limiting the power of the nobles. He also tried to make the Roman Catholic Church in England submit to his authority. This policy brought him into conflict with Thomas a Becket, Achbishop of Canterbury. Four of the king's knights murdered Becket while he was at vespers in his cathedral. Henry made Anglo-Saxon common law, rather than the revised Roman law, the supreme law of the land. He introduced trial by jury and circuit courts. In his later years, Henry's sons often rebelled against him. Two of them, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, became the next two kings of England.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II.

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry II (reigned 1154-89) ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. Married to Eleanor, the heiress of Aquitaine, the king spent only 13 years of his reign
in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France. By 1158, Henry had restored to the crown some of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen. For example, locally chosen sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collecting taxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law, Henry strengthened royal justice, making use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the
Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of English Common Law. Henry's disagreements with his Archbishop of Canterbury,
Thomas Becket, over Church/State relations ended in Becket's murder in 1170. Family disputes almost wrecked the king's achievements and he died in 1189 at war with his sons.

Acceded 1154 - 1189.

Henry II
Henry II (reigned 1154-89) ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. One of the strongest, most energetic and imaginative rulers, Henry was the inheritor of three dynasties who had acquired Aquitaine by marriage; his charters listed them: 'King of the English, Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins'. The King spent only 13 years of his reign in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France. Henry's rapid movements in carrying out his dynastic responsibilities astonished the French King, who noted 'now in England, now in Normandy, he must fly rather than travel by horse or ship'.
By 1158, Henry had restored to the Crown some of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen; Malcom IV of Scotland was compelled to return the northern counties. Locally chosen sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collecting taxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law, Henry made use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of English Common Law.

Henry's disagreements with the Archbishop of Canterbury (the king's former chief adviser), Thomas ‡ Becket, over Church-State relations ended in Becket's murder in 1170 and a papal interdict on England. Family disputes over territorial ambitions almost wrecked the king's achievements. Henry died in France in 1189, at war with his son Richard who had joined forces with king Philip of France to attack Normandy.
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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p H178. 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 37-38. Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed to the Pyrenees. In spite of frequent hostitilties with the French King his own family and rebellious Barons (culminating in the great revolt of 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintained control over his possessions until shortly before his death. His judicial and administrative reforms which increased Royal control and influence at the expense of the Barons were of great constitutional importance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy. Henry II 'Curt Mantel,' Duke of Normandy, Count of Maine and Anjou, King Of England became king in 1154. At the height of his power, Henry ruled England and almost all western France. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most famous woman of the age, brought the duchy of Aquitaine under his control. Henry also claimed to rule Scotland, Wales, and eastern Ireland. Henry II carried on his grandfather's policy of limiting the power of the nobles. He also tried to make the Roman Catholic Church in England submit to his authority. This policy brought him into conflict with Thomas a Becket, Achbishop of Canterbury. Four of the king's knights murdered Becket while he was at vespers in his cathedral. Henry made Anglo-Saxon common law, rather than the revised Roman law, the supreme law of the land. He introduced trial by jury and circuit courts. In his later years, Henry's sons often rebelled against him. Two of them, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, became the next two kings of England.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II.

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry II (reigned 1154-89) ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. Married to Eleanor, the heiress of Aquitaine, the king spent only 13 years of his reign
in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France. By 1158, Henry had restored to the crown some of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen. For example, locally chosen sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collecting taxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law, Henry strengthened royal justice, making use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the
Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of English Common Law. Henry's disagreements with his Archbishop of Canterbury,
Thomas Becket, over Church/State relations ended in Becket's murder in 1170. Family disputes almost wrecked the king's achievements and he died in 1189 at war with his sons.

[large-G675.FTW]

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p H178. 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 37-38. Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed to the Pyrenees. In spite of frequent hostitilties with the French King his own family and rebellious Barons (culminating in the great revolt of 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintained control over his possessions until shortly before his death. His judicial and administrative reforms which increased Royal control and influence at the expense of the Barons were of great constitutional importance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy. Henry II 'Curt Mantel,' Duke of Normandy, Count of Maine and Anjou, King Of England became king in 1154. At the height of his power, Henry ruled England and almost all western France. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most famous woman of the age, brought the duchy of Aquitaine under his control. Henry also claimed to rule Scotland, Wales, and eastern Ireland. Henry II carried on his grandfather's policy of limiting the power of the nobles. He also tried to make the Roman Catholic Church in England submit to his authority. This policy brought him into conflict with Thomas a Becket, Achbishop of Canterbury. Four of the king's knights murdered Becket while he was at vespers in his cathedral. Henry made Anglo-Saxon common law, rather than the revised Roman law, the supreme law of the land. He introduced trial by jury and circuit courts. In his later years, Henry's sons often rebelled against him. Two of them, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, became the next two kings of England.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II.

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry II (reigned 1154-89) ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. Married to Eleanor, the heiress of Aquitaine, the king spent only 13 years of his reign
in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France. By 1158, Henry had restored to the crown some of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen. For example, locally chosen sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collecting taxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law, Henry strengthened royal justice, making use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the
Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of English Common Law. Henry's disagreements with his Archbishop of Canterbury,
Thomas Becket, over Church/State relations ended in Becket's murder in 1170. Family disputes almost wrecked the king's achievements and he died in 1189 at war with his sons.

(Medical):Reddish hair & fair complected.

Henry married Eleanor De Aquitaine Dss De Aquitaine on 18 May 1152 in Bordeaux Cathedral, Bordeaux, France. Eleanor (daughter of X Guillaume X Le Toulousan Duc De Aquitaine and Eleanor (Aenor) De Chastellerault) was born in 1123 in Chateau DE Belin, Gironde, Aquitaine; died on 31 Mar 1204 in Mirabell Castle, Fontevrault, Anjou, France; was buried in Fontrevrault Abbey, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Countess Of Saintonge, Angoumois, Limousin, Auvergne, Bordeaux., Agen.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: Acceded: 19 Dec 1154, Westminster Abbey, London, England As Queen Of England.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Interred: Fontevrault Abbey, France, Next To Her Son Richard.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: Confined For 16 Years Aft Her Marriage With Henry Went Bad.; Fact 4

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Acceded As 10Th Count Of Anjou & Maine In 1129.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: Duke Of Normandy 1144-1150.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Interred: Mans, St. Julian's Church.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: Founder, House Of The Plantagenets.; Fact 4
• Alt. Birth: 24 Aug 1113, Anjou, Normandy, France; Alt. Birth

Notes:

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The name Plantagenet, according to Rapin, came from when Fulk the Great being stung from remorse for some wicked action, in order to atone for it, went a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and was scourged before the Holy Sepulchre with broom twigs. Earlier authorities say it was because Geoffrey bore a branch of yellow broom (Planta-genistae) in his helm.

Geoffrey married Empress Mathilda (Adelaide) on 22 May 1127 in Le Mans, France. Mathilda (daughter of Henry I Beauclerc King Of England and Matilda Canmore Of Scotland) was born between 7 Feb 1101 and 1102 in Winchester, England; died on 10 Sep 1167 in Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Designated Henry I's Heir After Death Of William The Atheling.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: Upon Henry's Death, Stephen Siezed The Throne, & Matilda Invaded England (1139).; Fact 2
• Fact 3: There Followed Inconclusive Civil War Between Stephen & Matilda.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: She & Husband Geoffrey Captured Normandy.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: Treaty Of Wallingford (1152) Made Stephen's Heir Henry, Matilda's Son.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Acceded: April 1141. Interred: 10 Sep 1169 At Abbey Of Bec.; Fact 6

Notes:

Empress Matilda, also known as the Empress Maude, was a significant figure during the tumultuous period known as the Anarchy in England. Born around February 7, 1102, she was the daughter and heir of King Henry I of England. Let’s delve into her remarkable life:

Early Life and Marriage:
As a child, Matilda was married to the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry V and spent her formative years in Germany.
In 1116, she traveled with the emperor to Italy, where she was controversially crowned empress in St. Peter’s Basilica and acted as the imperial regent.
Challenges and Succession Crisis:
Matilda faced a potential succession crisis when her younger brother, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster of 1120.
Upon her widowhood in the Holy Roman Empire, she returned to Normandy, where her father arranged her marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou to secure an alliance.
Claim to the English Throne:
King Henry I nominated Matilda as his heir, but this decision was met with opposition in his Anglo-Norman court.
When Henry I died in 1135, Matilda and Geoffrey faced challenges from the barons.
The throne was ultimately seized by her male cousin, Stephen of Blois, who became King of England with the backing of the English Church.
The Battle for England:
In 1139, Matilda crossed to England, supported by her half-brother Robert of Gloucester and her uncle David I of Scotland.
Her forces captured Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln in 1141, but her attempt to be crowned at Westminster Abbey faced fierce opposition.
Although never formally declared Queen of England, she held the title of “Lady of the English”.
Legacy:
Matilda’s struggle for the throne left a lasting impact on English history.
Her story is one of political intrigue, power struggles, and determination.

She was designated Henry's heir, and on his death (1135), Stephen siezed the
throne and Matilda invaded England (1139) inuagurating a period of
inconclusive civil war. She and he second husband (Geoffrey) captured normandy
and in 1152 the Treaty of Wallingford recognised Henry as Stephen's heir.
Burke says she was betrothed in her eight year (1119) to Henry.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Acceded: 1126.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: Count Of Poitou.; Fact 2

Guillaume married Eleanor (Aenor) De Chastellerault in 1121. Eleanor (daughter of Aimery Vct De Chastellerault, I and Dangerose De L' Isle Bouchard) was born in 1103 in Chatellerault, Vienne, France Or Aquitaine, France; died between Mar 1129 and 1130 in Talmont, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Aka Eleanor DE Rochefoucauld.; Fact 1
• Name: Eleanor De Rochefoucauld
• Alt. Birth: 1103, Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France; Alt. Birth