Thomas De Brotherton Plantagenet, Earl Of

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Acceded: 16 Dec 1312.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: The First Earl Marshall Of England.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Interred: Abbey Of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.; Fact 3
• Alt. Birth: 1 Jun 1300, Brotherton, Yorkshire, England; Alt. Birth

Thomas married Alice De Hales between 1316 and 1318. Alice (daughter of Roger De Hales, Of Harwich) was born in 1302 in Of Harwich, Essex, England; died after 8 May 1326. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Margaret Marshall Plantagenet, Dss Of Norfolk was born between 1320 and 1322 in Of Norfolk, England; died between 24 Mar 1399 and 1400.
2. Edward England was born in England.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Category: English Royalty - Plantagenet Line
• Fact 1: Acceded: 19 Aug 1274, Westminster Abbey, London, England.; Fact 1
• Fact 3: Reigned 1272-1307.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: In The Barons War 1264-67 He Defeated The Barons At Evesham (1265).; Fact 4
• Fact 5: Noted For Encouraging Parliamentary Institutions At The Expence Of Feudalism.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Subdued Wales On Which He Imposed The English System Of Administration.; Fact 6
• Fact 7: Tried To Assert His Authority Over Scotland.; Fact 7
• Fact 8: Died While On His Way To Fight Robert The Bruce.; Fact 8
• Fact 9: Had William Wallace, Scottish Patriot, Killed (Acc. To Legend).; Fact 9
• Name: Edward I Plantagenet
• Fact 2: 28 Oct 1307, Interred: Westminster Abbey, London, England; Fact 2

Notes:

Acceded 1272-1307.

Edward I
Edward I (1272-1307), who succeeded his father, was an able administrator and law-maker. He re-established royal power, investigating many of the abuses resulting from weak royal government and issuing new laws. Edward was an effective soldier, gaining experience from going on crusade to Syria before he became king. In 1277 Edward invaded Wales where Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales, had built up considerable power. In a series of campaigns Edward gained control of Wales, building strong castles to secure his conquests. Llewelyn was subdued before his death, by the 1277 treaty of Conway. In 1284, the Statute of Wales brought Wales under Edward's rule. In 1301, he created his eldest surviving son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales.
Wanting to unite the country behind him and to raise money for his campaigns in Wales and Scotland (including another war in France in 1293), in 1295 the king called what became known as the 'Model Parliament'. To this he summoned not only the aristocracy, bishops and abbots, but also the knights of the shires, burgesses from the towns and junior clergy. (Although resembling Parliament in approximately its modern form, for most of the middle ages a parliament meant primarily the king and the lords, with the commons meeting separately. Under pressures of war, and the subsequent need for extraordinary taxation, parliament became a regular feature of royal rule, and this system of representation subsequently became more usual.)

In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, successfully seizing the Stone of Scone; the king John Balliol abdicated and surrendered to Edward. However, a guerrilla war broke out and William Wallace, the Scottish leader, defeated the English at Stirling Bridge in 1297. Wallace was finally captured and executed in 1305. Edward died in 1307, when he was about to start another campaign against the Scots and their leader, Robert Bruce.
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REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Edward I (1272-1307), who succeeded his father, was an able administrator and law maker. He re-established royal power, investigating many of the abuses resulting from weak royal government
and issuing new laws. Edward was an effective soldier, gaining experience from going on crusade to Egypt and Syria before he became king. In 1276
Edward invaded Wales where Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, had built up considerable power. In a series of campaigns Edward gained control of Wales, building strong castles to secure his conquests. Llewelyn was killed
and in 1284, the Statute of Wales brought Wales under Edward's rule. In 1301, he created his eldest son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales. Wanting to unite the country behind him and to raise money for all these campaigns, in 1295 the king called what became known as the 'Model Parliament'. To this he summoned not only the aristocracy and the prelates, but also the knights of
the shires, burgesses from the towns and junior clergy, thus creating a Parliament in approximately its modern form. From this date onwards, this
system of representation became the norm. In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, successfully seizing the king of Scots and the Stone of Scone. However, a guerrilla war broke out and William Wallace, the Scottish leader, defeated the English at Stirling Bridge. Wallace was finally captured and executed in 1305. Edward died in 1307, when he was about to start another campaign against the
Scots. In 1314 Robert the Bruce, who had become king of Scots in 1306, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn.

REF: Sharon Kay Penman "Falls the Shadow": He was on fairly friendly & respectful terms with his uncle, Simon de Montfort, and even initially supported Simon's calls for honoring the Oxford Provisions. But, after Richard of Cornwall's mediation in the dispute between Edward & his father Henry, Simon had his final break with de Montort in April 1260. In late June 1260, Edward, attempting to alleviate Henry's money crisis, by subterfuge under cover of darkness requested admittance into the New Temple of the Knights Templar in London & robbed the treasuries of the city guilds. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cantelou placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). March 1264 Simon's sons Henry & Bran de Montfort trap Prince Edward at Gloucester Castle, but Edward solemnly avows to Henry (they were extremely close, growing up together) that if Henry grants him a truce he will work with King Henry & Richard of Cornwall to arrange a truce & avoid war. Henry de Montfort was in command, & believed him. Edward was lying through his teeth. As soon as Henry & Bran de Montfort's army were out of sight, Edward siezed the town & imposed harsh fines & penalties. On April 5 1264 the defeat at Northampton by Edward of Simon's forces (de MOntfort was in London) crippled rebel forces. Northampton defenses had been allowed to decay in the years previous to de Montfort's occupation there, plus the battle was lost due to the treachery of the Prior at St. Andrew's. After the defeat, Edward allowed his army to have their sport on the town, culminating in utter destruction, rapine, murder, etc. of its inhabitants. Some 80 barons & knights were taken prisoner & the rebel army was gutted. The defeat touched off a riot in London (since Londoners were very favorable to Simon) on Apr 9, 1264 in which hundreds, mainly Jews, were slain. In May 1264 Edward looted lands of Robert de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby, & after Derby lost Tutbury Castle, he defected from Simon's support. King Henry meanwhile took Leicester & Nottingham. Simon & Gilbert de Clare attacked Rochester Castle (which surrendered) & besieged the town when Edward approached London so Simon went back to defend it. King Henry & Edward were practicing fierce cruelty by chopping off the nads & feet of all common soldiers captured from de Montfort's army. The Cinque Ports & Dover Castle held fast for Simon, & did not obey Henry & Edward's command for a naval force to attack London. Thwarted, Edward takes Gilbert de Clare's Tonbridge Castle. Simon continued to hold London, but was surrounded by Edward & Henry. In May 1264, the Bishop of Chichester tried to convince Henry III to negotiate, but he refused. The Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) try to do the same on the eve of the Battle of Lewes; again Henry refuses. At Lewes, Montfort was outnumbered 2:1; Royalist forces numbered some 10,000. Montfort introduced a new strategy to warfare; he established a reserve command to be commanded by himself, plus he intoduced the concept of the night march. He was thought to be miles away by the Royalist forces on the eve of the battle, but he & his army undertook a night march to focre the battle on May 14, 1264. Henry was utterly taken by surprise, & his garrison lodged at the Priory were in some confusion; however, Edward, who garrisoned his men at Lewes Castle, was able to meet the rebel left flank of greenhorn & untrained Londoners under the command of Nicholas de Segrave. Edward routed them with no care for the "rules" of war in that he & his knights undertook a pursuit miles away from the battle only to slay every man they could find. This was thought caused by the Londoner's steadfast support for Monfort and their animosity toward Henry & especially Edward's mother Queen Eleanor (including the London mob's attack on her barge July 1263). From these beginnings Edward had a lifelong hatred for Londoners. On the eve of the Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264, after Henry had refused the entreaty of the Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) to negotiate, Simon formally renounced all allegiance to Henry, & was followed by his men. including Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, Humfrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", John Giffard, Sir John FitzJohn, Nicholas de Segrave, & Robert de Vere. Clare & Vere had the most to lose of any rebel supporters. At the battle itself, the left flank of green & hastily trained but no battle-experience Londoners was under the command of Nicholas de Segrave with 2nd an inexperienced John Giffard; the right flank was commanded by Simon's sons Henry & Guy de Montfort (Bran still being held in captivity at Windsor Castle by Henry) with 2nd Humphrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", the center column was commanded by Gilbert de Clare, 2nded by Sir John FitzJohn, with Simon himself commanding the new reserve force 2nded by Hugh le Despenser. For the Royalists, Henry commanded the center column, Richard of Cornwall commanded the left flank, & Edward commanded the vanguard. Royalist forces outnumbered the rebels by some 2:1 with some 10,000 men. Henry's force was augmented by a Scots force sent by his son in law Alexander III the Glorious, King of Scotland. With Edward were Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Hugh le Bigod, Henry Plantagenet of Almaine, Richard of Cornwall's son (& Edward's cousin & Simon's nephew), & John de Warenne. At the time of the battle, Simon was thought to be miles away, & still unable to ride a horse due to his broken leg. After Edward had absented himself from the field so long (carrying out his vengeance on the Londoners) Simon attacked & obliterated King Henry's force. Henry fled to the Priory. Richard of Cornwall was captured by Gilbert de Clare. When Edward & his men found out, Edward was urged to flee to Pevensey Castle & from there toward France. Edward refused to abandon his father, but the de Lusignans fled the battle, as did John de Warenne, Hugh le Bigod, Dafydd ap Gruddydd & over 300 knights. Only Edward's cousin Henry of Almaine (Richard of Cornwall's son) & Edwards household knights remained with him. Edward got through John FitzJohn's surrounding encampment to his father in the priory, Simon then offered a 12 hour truce & accepted their surrender the following morning. Lewes resulted in 2700 known dead (one of every five men). Under the Mise of Lewes, the Oxford Provisions were again reinstated as the law of the land, with an arbitration commission. Under no circumstances could Henry appoint aliens onto his council. Henry's extravagent spending was also to be brought under control & he to live within his means & pay off his enormous debts. A full amnesty was proclaimed for all rebels. No ransoms were to be paid for men captured at Lewes nor earlier at Northampton. Edward & Henry of Almaine surrendered themselves as hostages for their fathers' good faith. Edward was confined at Wallingford Castle with Richard of Cornwall. King Henry was lodged securely at the palace of the Bishop of London, In June 1264, Simon called a Parliament, one that included knights & town officials. The effect of Lewes that while Henry was still King, Simon had command of the realm. He also called for the terms of the Chivalric code to cover not only knights, but also commoners & Jews. In October 1264, the Pope (who hated Simon & the English Lords who had refused to succor his (the Pope's) abortive plans for Sicily) formally excommunicated Simon, his sons Henry, Bran & Guy, Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, the Mayor of London Thomas FitzThomas, & many of their supporters. The Bishops of Worcester, London & Winchester refused to publish the sentence of anathema; the Pope laid England under Interdict Oct 21 1264, but the English clergy continued to support Simon & services & rites of the Church continued to be performed. After the great victory, Simon's problems with governing began to mount. He wielded the King's authority without the right, & many began to question his motives for power. Also, an economic crises mounted as the sailors of the Cinque Ports had siezed all shipping in the Channel. In November 1264, kinsmen of the Earl of Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun V (Humphrey de Bohun VI was a staunch Montfort supporter) waged an attack on Wallingford Castle to free Edward. Guy de Montfort, Edward's cousin & Simon's son, cooly told Edward to have the besiegers call off the attack or he (Guy) would order Edward hurled at them in the Castle mangonel. Such was the bad blood between them that Edward did as ordered. At the Battle of Kenilworth, Edward borrowed from Simon's never before heard of tactics & underwent & forced night march of 30 miles & surprised Bran de Montfort outside Kenilworth Castle (Bran had foolishly encamped outside, rather than in, the castle). Bran had a large army & cache of supplies gathered for the relief of Simon, who had been trapped in Wales for a month; however, Bran had been lax in speedily coming to his father's rescue & in enforcing military discipline. Edward's forces completely overwhelmed Bran's army; Edward captured so many horses he was able to mount every man in his army. At Evesham (4 Aug 1265) Edward flew false colors of Robert de Vere of Oxford (captured at Kenilworth) & of Bran and entrapped Simon there. It was less a battle than a slaughter; Edward allowed his men to mutilate the dead, etc.

In the Barons war 1264-67 he defeated the Barons at Evesham (1265) as King
he is noted for encouraging Parliamentary institutions at the expence of
feaudalism and for subdueing Wales on which he imposed the English system of administration. This was after his first campaign in Wales when he was still prince. He & his father Henry III were led an army into Gwynedd & were defeated at Deganwy Castle August 1257 leaving all of Wales (and all of Prince Edward's Welsh lands) in the control of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. Edward & Henry's forces were defeated by Llywelyn in less than a month. He later tried to assert his authority over Scotland and died while on his way to fight Robert Bruce.
[large-G675.FTW]

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Edward I (1272-1307), who succeeded his father, was an able administrator and law maker. He re-established royal power, investigating many of the abuses resulting from weak royal government
and issuing new laws. Edward was an effective soldier, gaining experience from going on crusade to Egypt and Syria before he became king. In 1276
Edward invaded Wales where Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, had built up considerable power. In a series of campaigns Edward gained control of Wales, building strong castles to secure his conquests. Llewelyn was killed
and in 1284, the Statute of Wales brought Wales under Edward's rule. In 1301, he created his eldest son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales. Wanting to unite the country behind him and to raise money for all these campaigns, in 1295 the king called what became known as the 'Model Parliament'. To this he summoned not only the aristocracy and the prelates, but also the knights of
the shires, burgesses from the towns and junior clergy, thus creating a Parliament in approximately its modern form. From this date onwards, this
system of representation became the norm. In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, successfully seizing the king of Scots and the Stone of Scone. However, a guerrilla war broke out and William Wallace, the Scottish leader, defeated the English at Stirling Bridge. Wallace was finally captured and executed in 1305. Edward died in 1307, when he was about to start another campaign against the
Scots. In 1314 Robert the Bruce, who had become king of Scots in 1306, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn.

REF: Sharon Kay Penman "Falls the Shadow": He was on fairly friendly & respectful terms with his uncle, Simon de Montfort, and even initially supported Simon's calls for honoring the Oxford Provisions. But, after Richard of Cornwall's mediation in the dispute between Edward & his father Henry, Simon had his final break with de Montort in April 1260. In late June 1260, Edward, attempting to alleviate Henry's money crisis, by subterfuge under cover of darkness requested admittance into the New Temple of the Knights Templar in London & robbed the treasuries of the city guilds. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cantelou placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). March 1264 Simon's sons Henry & Bran de Montfort trap Prince Edward at Gloucester Castle, but Edward solemnly avows to Henry (they were extremely close, growing up together) that if Henry grants him a truce he will work with King Henry & Richard of Cornwall to arrange a truce & avoid war. Henry de Montfort was in command, & believed him. Edward was lying through his teeth. As soon as Henry & Bran de Montfort's army were out of sight, Edward siezed the town & imposed harsh fines & penalties. On April 5 1264 the defeat at Northampton by Edward of Simon's forces (de MOntfort was in London) crippled rebel forces. Northampton defenses had been allowed to decay in the years previous to de Montfort's occupation there, plus the battle was lost due to the treachery of the Prior at St. Andrew's. After the defeat, Edward allowed his army to have their sport on the town, culminating in utter destruction, rapine, murder, etc. of its inhabitants. Some 80 barons & knights were taken prisoner & the rebel army was gutted. The defeat touched off a riot in London (since Londoners were very favorable to Simon) on Apr 9, 1264 in which hundreds, mainly Jews, were slain. In May 1264 Edward looted lands of Robert de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby, & after Derby lost Tutbury Castle, he defected from Simon's support. King Henry meanwhile took Leicester & Nottingham. Simon & Gilbert de Clare attacked Rochester Castle (which surrendered) & besieged the town when Edward approached London so Simon went back to defend it. King Henry & Edward were practicing fierce cruelty by chopping off the nads & feet of all common soldiers captured from de Montfort's army. The Cinque Ports & Dover Castle held fast for Simon, & did not obey Henry & Edward's command for a naval force to attack London. Thwarted, Edward takes Gilbert de Clare's Tonbridge Castle. Simon continued to hold London, but was surrounded by Edward & Henry. In May 1264, the Bishop of Chichester tried to convince Henry III to negotiate, but he refused. The Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) try to do the same on the eve of the Battle of Lewes; again Henry refuses. At Lewes, Montfort was outnumbered 2:1; Royalist forces numbered some 10,000. Montfort introduced a new strategy to warfare; he established a reserve command to be commanded by himself, plus he intoduced the concept of the night march. He was thought to be miles away by the Royalist forces on the eve of the battle, but he & his army undertook a night march to focre the battle on May 14, 1264. Henry was utterly taken by surprise, & his garrison lodged at the Priory were in some confusion; however, Edward, who garrisoned his men at Lewes Castle, was able to meet the rebel left flank of greenhorn & untrained Londoners under the command of Nicholas de Segrave. Edward routed them with no care for the "rules" of war in that he & his knights undertook a pursuit miles away from the battle only to slay every man they could find. This was thought caused by the Londoner's steadfast support for Monfort and their animosity toward Henry & especially Edward's mother Queen Eleanor (including the London mob's attack on her barge July 1263). From these beginnings Edward had a lifelong hatred for Londoners. On the eve of the Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264, after Henry had refused the entreaty of the Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) to negotiate, Simon formally renounced all allegiance to Henry, & was followed by his men. including Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, Humfrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", John Giffard, Sir John FitzJohn, Nicholas de Segrave, & Robert de Vere. Clare & Vere had the most to lose of any rebel supporters. At the battle itself, the left flank of green & hastily trained but no battle-experience Londoners was under the command of Nicholas de Segrave with 2nd an inexperienced John Giffard; the right flank was commanded by Simon's sons Henry & Guy de Montfort (Bran still being held in captivity at Windsor Castle by Henry) with 2nd Humphrey de Bohun VI "the Younger", the center column was commanded by Gilbert de Clare, 2nded by Sir John FitzJohn, with Simon himself commanding the new reserve force 2nded by Hugh le Despenser. For the Royalists, Henry commanded the center column, Richard of Cornwall commanded the left flank, & Edward commanded the vanguard. Royalist forces outnumbered the rebels by some 2:1 with some 10,000 men. Henry's force was augmented by a Scots force sent by his son in law Alexander III the Glorious, King of Scotland. With Edward were Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Hugh le Bigod, Henry Plantagenet of Almaine, Richard of Cornwall's son (& Edward's cousin & Simon's nephew), & John de Warenne. At the time of the battle, Simon was thought to be miles away, & still unable to ride a horse due to his broken leg. After Edward had absented himself from the field so long (carrying out his vengeance on the Londoners) Simon attacked & obliterated King Henry's force. Henry fled to the Priory. Richard of Cornwall was captured by Gilbert de Clare. When Edward & his men found out, Edward was urged to flee to Pevensey Castle & from there toward France. Edward refused to abandon his father, but the de Lusignans fled the battle, as did John de Warenne, Hugh le Bigod, Dafydd ap Gruddydd & over 300 knights. Only Edward's cousin Henry of Almaine (Richard of Cornwall's son) & Edwards household knights remained with him. Edward got through John FitzJohn's surrounding encampment to his father in the priory, Simon then offered a 12 hour truce & accepted their surrender the following morning. Lewes resulted in 2700 known dead (one of every five men). Under the Mise of Lewes, the Oxford Provisions were again reinstated as the law of the land, with an arbitration commission. Under no circumstances could Henry appoint aliens onto his council. Henry's extravagent spending was also to be brought under control & he to live within his means & pay off his enormous debts. A full amnesty was proclaimed for all rebels. No ransoms were to be paid for men captured at Lewes nor earlier at Northampton. Edward & Henry of Almaine surrendered themselves as hostages for their fathers' good faith. Edward was confined at Wallingford Castle with Richard of Cornwall. King Henry was lodged securely at the palace of the Bishop of London, In June 1264, Simon called a Parliament, one that included knights & town officials. The effect of Lewes that while Henry was still King, Simon had command of the realm. He also called for the terms of the Chivalric code to cover not only knights, but also commoners & Jews. In October 1264, the Pope (who hated Simon & the English Lords who had refused to succor his (the Pope's) abortive plans for Sicily) formally excommunicated Simon, his sons Henry, Bran & Guy, Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, the Mayor of London Thomas FitzThomas, & many of their supporters. The Bishops of Worcester, London & Winchester refused to publish the sentence of anathema; the Pope laid England under Interdict Oct 21 1264, but the English clergy continued to support Simon & services & rites of the Church continued to be performed. After the great victory, Simon's problems with governing began to mount. He wielded the King's authority without the right, & many began to question his motives for power. Also, an economic crises mounted as the sailors of the Cinque Ports had siezed all shipping in the Channel. In November 1264, kinsmen of the Earl of Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun V (Humphrey de Bohun VI was a staunch Montfort supporter) waged an attack on Wallingford Castle to free Edward. Guy de Montfort, Edward's cousin & Simon's son, cooly told Edward to have the besiegers call off the attack or he (Guy) would order Edward hurled at them in the Castle mangonel. Such was the bad blood between them that Edward did as ordered. At the Battle of Kenilworth, Edward borrowed from Simon's never before heard of tactics & underwent & forced night march of 30 miles & surprised Bran de Montfort outside Kenilworth Castle (Bran had foolishly encamped outside, rather than in, the castle). Bran had a large army & cache of supplies gathered for the relief of Simon, who had been trapped in Wales for a month; however, Bran had been lax in speedily coming to his father's rescue & in enforcing military discipline. Edward's forces completely overwhelmed Bran's army; Edward captured so many horses he was able to mount every man in his army. At Evesham (4 Aug 1265) Edward flew false colors of Robert de Vere of Oxford (captured at Kenilworth) & of Bran and entrapped Simon there. It was less a battle than a slaughter; Edward allowed his men to mutilate the dead, etc.

In the Barons war 1264-67 he defeated the Barons at Evesham (1265) as King
he is noted for encouraging Parliamentary institutions at the expence of
feaudalism and for subdueing Wales on which he imposed the English system of administration. This was after his first campaign in Wales when he was still prince. He & his father Henry III were led an army into Gwynedd & were defeated at Deganwy Castle August 1257 leaving all of Wales (and all of Prince Edward's Welsh lands) in the control of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. Edward & Henry's forces were defeated by Llywelyn in less than a month. He later tried to assert his authority over Scotland and died while on his way to fight Robert Bruce.
[large-G675.FTW]

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Edward I (1272-1307), who succeeded his father, was an able administrator and law maker. He re-established royal power, investigating many of the abuses resulting from weak royal government
and issuing new laws. Edward was an effective soldier, gaining experience from going on crusade to Egypt and Syria before he became king. In 1276
Edward invaded Wales where Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, had built up considerable power. In a series of campaigns Edward gained control of Wales, building strong castles to secure his conquests. Llewelyn was killed
and in 1284, the Statute of Wales brought Wales under Edward's rule. In 1301, he created his eldest son, Edward, the first English Prince of Wales. Wanting to unite the country behind him and to raise money for all these campaigns, in 1295 the king called what became known as the 'Model Parliament'. To this he summoned not only the aristocracy and the prelates, but also the knights of
the shires, burgesses from the towns and junior clergy, thus creating a Parliament in approximately its modern form. From this date onwards, this
system of representation became the norm. In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, successfully seizing the king of Scots and the Stone of Scone. However, a guerrilla war broke out and William Wallace, the Scottish leader, defeated the English at Stirling Bridge. Wallace was finally captured and executed in 1305. Edward died in 1307, when he was about to start another campaign against the
Scots. In 1314 Robert the Bruce, who had become king of Scots in 1306, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn.

REF: Sharon Kay Penman "Falls the Shadow": He was on fairly friendly & respectful terms with his uncle, Simon de Montfort, and even initially supported Simon's calls for honoring the Oxford Provisions. But, after Richard of Cornwall's mediation in the dispute between Edward & his father Henry, Simon had his final break with de Montort in April 1260. In late June 1260, Edward, attempting to alleviate Henry's money crisis, by subterfuge under cover of darkness requested admittance into the New Temple of the Knights Templar in London & robbed the treasuries of the city guilds. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cantelou placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). March 1264 Simon's sons Henry & Bran de Montfort trap Prince Edward at Gloucester Castle, but Edward solemnly avows to Henry (they were extremely close, growing up together) that if Henry grants him a truce he will work with King Henry & Richard of Cornwall to arrange a truce & avoid war. Henry de Montfort was in command, & believed him. Edward was lying through his teeth. As soon as Henry & Bran de Montfort's army were out of sight, Edward siezed the town & imposed harsh fines & penalties. On April 5 1264 the defeat at Northampton by Edward of Simon's forces (de MOntfort was in London) crippled rebel forces. Northampton defenses had been allowed to decay in the years previous to de Montfort's occupation there, plus the battle was lost due to the treachery of the Prior at St. Andrew's. After the defeat, Edward allowed his army to have their sport on the town, culminating in utter destruction, rapine, murder, etc. of its inhabitants. Some 80 barons & knights were taken prisoner & the rebel army was gutted. The defeat touched off a riot in London (since Londoners were very favorable to Simon) on Apr 9, 1264 in which hundreds, mainly Jews, were slain. In May 1264 Edward looted lands of Robert de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby, & after Derby lost Tutbury Castle, he defected from Simon's support. King Henry meanwhile took Leicester & Nottingham. Simon & Gilbert de Clare attacked Rochester Castle (which surrendered) & besieged the town when Edward approached L

Edward married Marguerite Capet Le Hardi, De France on 10 Sep 1299 in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, England. Marguerite (daughter of Philippe III The Bold Le Hardi King Of France and Marie De Brabant) was born in 1279 in Paris, France; died between 14 Feb 1316 and 1317 in Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Interred: Grey Friars, Church, London, England.; Fact 1
• Name: Marguerite Capet Le Hardi De France

Other Events and Attributes:

• Category: English Royalty - Plantagenet Line
• Fact 1: Acceded: 28 Oct 1216, Gloucester Cathedral.; Fact 1
• Fact 10: Kind But Capricious, Urbane, Pious, Loved Pageantry, Sensitive To Slights.; Fact 10
• Fact 11: Defeated Resoundingly By Louis IX In The Ill Fated Gascony Campaign Of 1242.; Fact 11
• Fact 13: Captured By Baronial Party Under Montfort, But Restored By Son Edward In 1265.; Fact 13
• Fact 2: Interred: Westminster Abbey, London, England.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Reigned 1216-1272. Took Reigns Of Gov't. 1234.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: Faces Financial Disaster In 1258. Inept Battle Commander.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: Baronial Discontent Simmered In 1258 When He Tried To Raise Large Sums Of Money.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Reforms Were Agreed Upon But Then Renouced By Henry.; Fact 6
• Fact 7: Simon DE Montford Lead A Rebellion Against The King (The Barons Wars).; Fact 7
• Fact 8: Rebellion Defeated After Initial Success.; Fact 8
• Fact 9: Thereafter, Henry Ceeded Much Power To His Son Edward Longshanks.; Fact 9
• Name: Henry III Plantagenet
• Acceded: 28 Oct 1216, England
• Fact 12: Aug 1245, Gascony Debacle Followed By Inept & Catastrophic Welsh Campaign.; Fact 12

Notes:

Acceded 1216-1272.

Henry III
Henry III (reigned 1216-1272), John's son, was only nine when he became King. By 1227, when he assumed power from his regent, order had been restored, based on his acceptance of Magna Carta. However, the King's failed campaigns in France (1230 and 1242), his choice of friends and advisers, together with the cost of his scheme to make one of his younger sons King of Sicily and help the Pope against the Holy Roman Emperor, led to further disputes with the barons and united opposition in Church and State. Although Henry was extravagant and his tax demands were resented, the King's accounts show a list of many charitable donations and payments for building works (including the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey which began in 1245).
The Provisions of Oxford (1258) and the Provisions of Westminster (1259) were attempts by the nobles to define common law in the spirit of Magna Carta, control appointments and set up an aristocratic council. Henry tried to defeat them by obtaining papal absolution from his oaths, and enlisting King Louis XI's help. Henry renounced the Provisions in 1262 and war broke out. The barons, under their leader, Simon de Montfort, were initially successful and even captured Henry. However, Henry escaped, joined forces with the lords of the Marches (on the Welsh border), and Henry finally defeated and killed de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Royal authority was restored by the Statute of Marlborough (1267), in which the King also promised to uphold Magna Carta and some of the Provisions of Westminster.

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REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry III (reigned 1216-1272), John's son, was only nine when he became king. By 1227, when he assumed power from his regent, order had been restored based on his acceptance of Magna Carta. However, the king's failed campaigns in France, his choice of foreigners as friends and advisers, together with the cost of his scheme to make one of
his younger sons king of Sicily and help the Pope against the Holy Roman Emperor, led to further disputes with the barons and united opposition in Church and State. The Provisions of Oxford (1258) and the Provisions of Westminster (1259 were attempts by the nobles to curb the king's power, control appointments and set up an aristocratic council. Henry renounced the Provisions in 1264 and war broke out. The barons under their leader, Simon de
Montfort, were initially successful, but Henry and his son, Edward, finally defeated and killed de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Royal authority was restored by the Statute of Marlborough (1267), in which the king also promised to uphold Magna Carta and some of the Provisions of Westminster.

REF: Sharon Kay Penman "Falls the Shadow": In April 1258, Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall sent 50 ships of grain from Germany (where Richard was chasing the elusive crown of Germany) to London to help alleviate the famine, Henry siezed the ships & tried to sell them at inflated prices. This enraged the general populace of London, Henry backed down but they remained bitter. After Henry reconciled with Prince Edward through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall (Henry thought Edward was plotting with Simon de Montfort), Henry attempted to try de Montfort on charges of perjery & "lesse-majeste". The Barons on the King's Council baulked & Louis IX was dismayed by Henry's bad faith, & sent the Archbishop of Rouen to defend de Montfort, Henry backed off. In June 1261 Henry borrows from his father John's tricks & gets the Pope to annul the Oxford Provisions, even as John did with the Magna Charta. The Barons nearly revolt over this, with even Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, siding with de Montfort. Later, de Clare defects from de Montfort & comes to a "private understanding" with Henry & de Montofrt's "common enterprise" unravels. Simon withdraws to France. In July 1262, Henry follows de Montfort into France & tries to have him arraigned before the French King, Louis IX, but the attempt fails. Simon returns to England April 1263, which most felt meant a precursor to war. May 1263 the de Montfort supporters meet & vow all are enemies who do not support the Provisions save the King & his family. Henry held fast, the barons' discontent flared into violence & Simon's supporter the Earl of Derby sacked the town of Worcester & burned the Jewry. May 1263 the young Earl of Gloucester led an Army west & captured the Bishop of Hereford, the most hated of the foreign advisors to Henry III then left after the expulsion of the de Lusignans. He threw the Bishop into prison, laid siege to the royal castle at Gloucester, where de Montfort assumed command. The army then went north to Bridgenorth, where they coordinated their attack with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd; the twon & castle surrendered. de Montfort then headed south for London, where a panicked Henry took refuge in the Tower. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (which Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). In October 1263 Richard Duke of Cornwall (Henry's brother) son Henry defected to Montfort. Simon received a triumphal entry into London July 1263 & Henry capitulated at the Tower of London on July 13, 1263.

Reigned 1216-1272. A minor when he took the throne he did not take the reigns
of Government himself until 1234. Baronian discontent simmered, boiling over
in 1258 when Henry facing financial disaster attempted to raise large sums
from his magnates. Reforms were agreed upon but then renouced by Henry. Simon de Montford lead a rebellion against the King (the Barons Wars) which was defeated after initial success, thereafter Hnery ceeded much of his power to his son. Henry III ran afoul of his barons (again) when he requested a large amount of money to aid him in putting down Gaston de BÈarn's 2nd rebellion in Gascony, saying that de BÈarn's ally St. Ferdinand III King of Castile was going to invade Gascony, but just as he said this, Simon de Montfort returned to England & told the barons that Henry was actually negotiating with the St. Ferdinand III to marry his daughter Eleanor to Henry's son Crown Prince Edward "Longshanks" (de Montfort's commetns were true). At this point, with Henry's many debacles, his lack of resolve & constancy, the reforms were going to be made with or without his participation.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white". The Jews did the worst of all under the pious Henry III as during his reign the church felt threatened by violence, war, schism & heresy. The church encouraged Jewish pogroms & spread rumors of grisly rituals & murders committed by Jews. Henry, as a faithful son of the church, did nothing to restrain it.

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REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry III (reigned 1216-1272), John's son, was only nine when he became king. By 1227, when he assumed power from his regent, order had been restored based on his acceptance of Magna Carta. However, the king's failed campaigns in France, his choice of foreigners as friends and advisers, together with the cost of his scheme to make one of
his younger sons king of Sicily and help the Pope against the Holy Roman Emperor, led to further disputes with the barons and united opposition in Church and State. The Provisions of Oxford (1258) and the Provisions of Westminster (1259 were attempts by the nobles to curb the king's power, control appointments and set up an aristocratic council. Henry renounced the Provisions in 1264 and war broke out. The barons under their leader, Simon de
Montfort, were initially successful, but Henry and his son, Edward, finally defeated and killed de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Royal authority was restored by the Statute of Marlborough (1267), in which the king also promised to uphold Magna Carta and some of the Provisions of Westminster.

REF: Sharon Kay Penman "Falls the Shadow": In April 1258, Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall sent 50 ships of grain from Germany (where Richard was chasing the elusive crown of Germany) to London to help alleviate the famine, Henry siezed the ships & tried to sell them at inflated prices. This enraged the general populace of London, Henry backed down but they remained bitter. After Henry reconciled with Prince Edward through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall (Henry thought Edward was plotting with Simon de Montfort), Henry attempted to try de Montfort on charges of perjery & "lesse-majeste". The Barons on the King's Council baulked & Louis IX was dismayed by Henry's bad faith, & sent the Archbishop of Rouen to defend de Montfort, Henry backed off. In June 1261 Henry borrows from his father John's tricks & gets the Pope to annul the Oxford Provisions, even as John did with the Magna Charta. The Barons nearly revolt over this, with even Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, siding with de Montfort. Later, de Clare defects from de Montfort & comes to a "private understanding" with Henry & de Montofrt's "common enterprise" unravels. Simon withdraws to France. In July 1262, Henry follows de Montfort into France & tries to have him arraigned before the French King, Louis IX, but the attempt fails. Simon returns to England April 1263, which most felt meant a precursor to war. May 1263 the de Montfort supporters meet & vow all are enemies who do not support the Provisions save the King & his family. Henry held fast, the barons' discontent flared into violence & Simon's supporter the Earl of Derby sacked the town of Worcester & burned the Jewry. May 1263 the young Earl of Gloucester led an Army west & captured the Bishop of Hereford, the most hated of the foreign advisors to Henry III then left after the expulsion of the de Lusignans. He threw the Bishop into prison, laid siege to the royal castle at Gloucester, where de Montfort assumed command. The army then went north to Bridgenorth, where they coordinated their attack with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd; the twon & castle surrendered. de Montfort then headed south for London, where a panicked Henry took refuge in the Tower. In June 1263 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up & besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Montfort & the barons (which Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). In October 1263 Richard Duke of Cornwall (Henry's brother) son Henry defected to Montfort. Simon received a triumphal entry into London July 1263 & Henry capitulated at the Tower of London on July 13, 1263.

Reigned 1216-1272. A minor when he took the throne he did not take the reigns
of Government himself until 1234. Baronian discontent simmered, boiling over
in 1258 when Henry facing financial disaster attempted to raise large sums
from his magnates. Reforms were agreed upon but then renouced by Henry. Simon de Montford lead a rebellion against the King (the Barons Wars) which was defeated after initial success, thereafter Hnery ceeded much of his power to his son. Henry III ran afoul of his barons (again) when he requested a large amount of money to aid him in putting down Gaston de BÈarn's 2nd rebellion in Gascony, saying that de BÈarn's ally St. Ferdinand III King of Castile was going to invade Gascony, but just as he said this, Simon de Montfort returned to England & told the barons that Henry was actually negotiating with the St. Ferdinand III to marry his daughter Eleanor to Henry's son Crown Prince Edward "Longshanks" (de Montfort's commetns were true). At this point, with Henry's many debacles, his lack of resolve & constancy, the reforms were going to be made with or without his participation.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white". The Jews did the worst of all under the pious Henry III as during his reign the church felt threatened by violence, war, schism & heresy. The church encouraged Jewish pogroms & spread rumors of grisly rituals & murders committed by Jews. Henry, as a faithful son of the church, did nothing to restrain it.

Henry married Eleonore Berenger, De Provence between 14 Jan 1235 and 1236 in Canterbury, Kent, England. Eleonore (daughter of IV Raimund VI Berenger Ct De Provence and Beatrice De Savoie) was born in 1217 in Aix-En-Provence, France; died on 24 Jun 1291 in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Acceded: 20 Jan 1236 (Queen Of Engl.), Westminster Abbey, London, England.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: After King Henry Died She Took The Veil At Amesbury.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Interred: Convent Church, Amesbury.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: Barons.; Well Educated, High Spirited, Pretty. Not Very Popular W
• Fact 5: Hated By The Commoners For Her Lavish Tastes & French Patronage.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Most Unpopular Queen Since The Days Of The Conqueror.; Fact 6
• Fact 8: Rescued By Henry's Enemy Thomas Fitzthomas, Mayor Of London.; Fact 8
• Fact 7: Jul 1263, Attacked By Mob As She Attempted To Escape London Up The Thames.; Fact 7
• Fact 9: Nov 1264, After Henry's Defeat At Lewes, Tried To Organize An Army To Invade From Flanders; Fact 9

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Aka Phillip The Hardy.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: Reigned 1270-1285. Buried In St. Denis, France.; Fact 2

Philippe married Marie De Brabant in 1274 in France. Marie (daughter of Henri De Brabant Duc De Brabant, III and Adelaide De Burgundy) was born in 1260 in Louvain, Brabant, Belgium; died between 12 Jan 1320 and 1321 in Murel. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Category: English Royalty - Plantagenet Line
• Fact 1: Acceded: 27 May 1199, Westminster Abbey, London, England.; Fact 1
• Fact 10: Legendary Evil "Prince John" In Robin Hood Story.; Fact 10
• Fact 11: King Of Ireland 1177, Count Of Mortain 1189, Earl Of Gloucester 29 Aug 1189.; Fact 11
• Fact 12: Able Administrator, Interested In Fine Points Of The Law.; Fact 12
• Fact 2: Interred: Worcester Cathedral. Died During The Barons War.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: Reigned 1199-1216. Duke Of Normandy, Count Of Anjou.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: His Reign Saw Renewal Of War With Phillip II Augustus Of France.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: He Lost Several Continental Possessions Incl. Normandy In 1205.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: He Came Into Conflict With His Barons And Was Forced To Sign The Magna Carta.; Fact 6
• Fact 7: Signed Magna Carta In 1215 At Runnymede.; Fact 7
• Fact 8: Repudiation Of The Charter Led To The First Barons War 1215-17.; Fact 8
• Fact 9: Moody, Cruel & Sadistic, But Also Intelligent, Fair, Charitable To The Poor.; Fact 9
• Alt. Death: 19 Oct 1216, Newark Castle, Lincolnshire; Alt. Death

Notes:

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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

Acceded 1199-1216.

John and Magna Carta
John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others nor was trusted by them. Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms.
This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall be imprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.

The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the Sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the Sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people.

As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.
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Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

[large-G675.FTW]

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

[large-G675.FTW]

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw renewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesions including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign the Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 during which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was known as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much better than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter of liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative and military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England and duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his nephew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of France then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France except Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope Innocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services. The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong rule. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and held a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic financial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer the lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On June 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the River Thames.
A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir to Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and the adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry III. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French possessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became king and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.
The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war.

(Medical):Dark hair & coloring. Hazel (green/gold) eyes.

Died:
Fever, chills, exhaustion after crossing Wash of Lincoln & Norfolk.

John married Isabella Taillefer, De AngoulÍme on 24 Aug 1200 in Bordeaux Cathedral, Gascony, France. Isabella (daughter of Aymer Taillefer De Valence Ct De AngoulÍme and Alice De Courtenay) was born in 1188 in AngoulÍme, Charente, France; died on 31 May 1246 in Fontevrault L'abbe, Maine-Et-Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Acceded: 8 Oct 1200 As Queen Consort At Westminster Abbey, London, England; Fact 1
• Fact 11: Succeeded Her Father As Countess DE AngoulÍme In The Summer Of 1202.; Fact 11
• Fact 12: Not Formally Recognized As Such Until Nov 1206.; Fact 12
• Fact 2: Interred: Fontevraud Abbey, Anjou, France.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: She Was Betrothed To Hugh Le Brun The Elder Prior To Marrying John.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: After John's Death She Married Hugh Le Brun The Younger Abt. 1219.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: Once Married To Hugh, Began Taking Part In Politics.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Lured Her Son Henry III Into Diastrous Entanglements & Wars.; Fact 6
• Fact 7: Difficult For Her To Go From Queen Of England To A Mere Countess.; Fact 7
• Fact 8: In Her 2ND Marriage, She Bacame Inscrutable & Haughty, But Still Elegant.; Fact 8
• Fact 9: One Of The Most Breath Taking Beauties Of Her Day, Even In Later Life.; Fact 9
• Name: Isabella Taillefer Cts De AngoulÍme
• Fact 10: Abt 1246, Accused Of Trying To Poison Louis Ix; Fled To Fontevraud Abbey, Where She Died.; Fact 10

Notes:

Acceded 1200-1216.

(Medical):Blonde, blue eyes.

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: 4th Count Of Provence. Acceded 1209.; Fact 1
• Fact 2: The Last & Most Illustrious Of The Royal Provencal Counts.; Fact 2
• Fact 3: His Poetry Entitles Him To A Distinguished Rank Among The Troubadour Poets.; Fact 3
• Fact 4: Relatively Impoverished; Could Provide Little Dowry For His Daughters.; Fact 4
• Fact 5: Marquess Of Provence.; Fact 5
• Fact 6: Comte DE Farcalquier.; Fact 6
• Alt. Birth: 1198, Aix-En-Provence, Bouches-Du-Rhone, France; Alt. Birth

Raimund married Beatrice De Savoie in Dec 1220 in Dez, France. Beatrice (daughter of Thomas De Maurienne Ct De Savoie and Marguerite De Faucigny, De Genevre) was born between 1198 and 1201 in Of Chambaery, Savoie, France; died in Dec 1266 in France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Celebrated With Her Husband For Learning & Literary Taste.; Fact 1

Louis married Marguerite Of Provence. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact 1: Acceded: 1248.; Fact 1
• Alt. Birth: 1233, Brabant; Alt. Birth

Henri married Adelaide De Burgundy in 1251. Adelaide (daughter of Hugh IV De Burgundy Duc De Burgundy and Yolande De Dreux) died on 23 Oct 1273 in France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]